The tralokinumab story: Nothing is ever simple

Classification criteria for Sjogren's syndrome: nothing ever stands still!

Primary Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) probably has the dubious distinction of having more proposed criteria than any other rheumatic condition—certainly this was the case in the 1980s and 1990s (eg, Copenhagen, Californian, Greek and Japanese criteria). In 2002, Vitali et al published the revised American European Consensus Group (AECG) criteria, which have now served as the gold standard for over 10...

Modern literary interpretation in understanding the meaning of the verse ‘There is nothing like Him’

Numerous views have been expressed by commentators and writers about the literary aspect and the meaning of the Qurchr('39')anic phrase "There is nothing like Him". The sequence of the words "ka" and "like" in the holy verse, has led to two literary and semantic illusions. The literary illusion is that "ka" seems to be redundant and the semantic illusion is the word ‘like’ indirectly proves the...

Language is never , ever , ever , random

Language users never choose words randomly, and language is essentially non-random. Statistical hypothesis testing uses a null hypothesis, which posits randomness. Hence, when we look at linguistic phenomena in corpora, the null hypothesis will never be true. Moreover, where there is enough data, we shall (almost) always be able to establish that it is not true. In corpus studies, we frequently...

Saving "Cinderella": History and Story in Ashpet and Ever After

Plasmid copy number control: an ever-growing story.

Bacterial plasmids maintain their number of copies by negative regulatory systems that adjust the rate of replication per plasmid copy in response to fluctuations in the copy number. Three general classes of regulatory mechanisms have been studied in depth, namely those that involve directly repeated sequences (iterons), those that use only antisense RNAs and those that use a mechanism involvin...